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11-10-14-R
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11-10-14-R
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TCAAP Energy Integration Resiliency Framework <br />Policy White Paper – Energy Supply Alternatives <br /> 25 <br />5.2.2. Absorption and Adsorption Cooling <br />Absorption and adsorption chillers utilize a heat source to provide the energy needed to drive the <br />cooling process. The fuel sources for the heat can vary from biomass fuels, fossil fuels, waste heat, <br />steam, to hot water. Absorption chillers remove the necessity of electric driven compression motors <br />typically found within standard compression chillers, reducing the load on the electrical grid. <br />Applications of absorption and adsorption chillers will typically be determined by the availability of a <br />heat source. This can be waste heat from the jacket of a reciprocating engine or combustion turbine or <br />hot water generated through a solar thermal installation. Adsorption and absorption chillers are also <br />more cost effective in areas where electric costs to operate standard compression chillers are high. <br />5.2.3. Solar Hot Water Heating <br />Solar hot water systems are composed of solar collectors and a fluid moving between the collector and <br />a hot water reservoir. Typically the heated fluid is pumped from the tank to the heat exchanger where <br />heat is extracted into the air to heat the space, returning the cooled fluid to the tank for reheating <br />through the collector. <br />Solar thermal systems are most commonly installed on residential and small commercial buildings, <br />however, large shared systems are also possible, such as in Saint Paul, MN. These systems typically <br />have high capital costs, although savings come in the form of avoided natural gas costs. In climates <br />where temperatures and necessary solar radiation are low, supplemental heat may be needed to <br />maintain effective heating temperatures. In an effort to further improve economic viability, a solar <br />thermal system used for heating in the winter can be used in conjunction with absorption and <br />adsorption chillers for air conditioning in the summer months. <br />5.2.4. Solar Cooling <br />Cooling can be provided through solar radiation in a number of ways. As discussed previously, <br />absorption and adsorption cooling processes require a heat source. Solar hot water can provide the <br />necessary heat source required to cool through these processes. <br />In addition to solar cooling through solar thermal generation, solar cooling can be accomplished <br />through solar PV utilization. In this process, electricity generated through the solar PV array is used to <br />power a standard air conditioning unit. Some air conditioners are now being manufactured to operate <br />using DC power. In the event a DC powered air conditioning unit is not installed, a DC to AC inverter is <br />necessary to power the air conditioner. <br />Applications for solar cooling are best suited when natural gas prices are high. Capital investments <br />related to the installation of a thermal system are offset by the avoided costs of natural gas otherwise
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