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11-24-14-R
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11-24-14-R
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TCAAP Energy Integration Resiliency Framework <br />Policy White Paper – Energy Efficiency Strategies (Demand-Side Management) <br /> 37 <br /> Double Envelope Glazing: Two layers of glazing on south facing facades (or more); Acts as a <br />large solar heat gain. (Considered to be part of a thorough passive solar design.) <br /> Passive Ventilation: Utilize natural crosswinds by placing operable windows and skylights, <br />accessible to occupants, across the building <br /> Daylighting: Interior lighting controls and skylights; Exterior louver systems to help deflect or <br />bounce light further inward <br /> Variable Refrigerant Flow System: A heating and cooling distribution system that reduces fan <br />energy and redistributes excess conditioned air so heating and cooling is not duplicated <br /> Under Floor Air Distribution System: Conditioned air is released through the floor to reduce <br />distribution system energy <br />These strategies will reduce operating costs for owners, tenants, residents, and create healthier and <br />more productive living and working environments.10 Specific strategies such as double envelope glazing <br />or under floor air distribution systems may not be prescribed in a building standard, but are excellent <br />strategies for passive solar design and increasing the floor to ceiling height in a building – leading to <br />improved daylighting. Other approaches, such as use of variable refrigerant flow (VRF) ventilation <br />systems are particularly effective in multi-use buildings.11 <br />6.4.2. Advanced and Monitoring-Based Commissioning <br />Heating, cooling, and ventilation account for 45% to 60% of a commercial building’s total energy <br />consumption, depending on use and size.12 Properly calibrated building mechanical systems are <br />essential for achieving site energy and natural resource efficiency. Commissioning is the process of <br />checking calibrations and set-points before a building is occupied, a process that is now an industry <br />best practice. Air leakage testing and sealing are currently not included in this process, but could be <br />responsible for additional heating energy reductions of 5% to 35%.13 Testing both mechanical and <br />building systems would result in an “advanced commissioning” process and would be applicable to all <br />commercial structures and homes. <br />Like automobiles, building instruments need adjusting as they age and building uses change. Without <br />proper energy maintenance, buildings will experience increased energy consumption over time. <br /> <br />10 Fidk, W.J., O. Seppanen. Relation of SBS-Symptoms and Ventilation System Type in Office Buildings. LBL. (2002). <br />http://energy.lbl.gov/ie/pdf/LBNL-50046.pdf <br />11 Amarnath, Ammi, et. al. Variable Refrigerant Flow: An Emerging Air Conditioner and Heat Pump Technology. ACEEE. (2008). <br />http://www.aceee.org/files/proceedings/2008/data/papers/3_228.pdf <br />12 EIA. Major Fuel Consumption by End Use for all buildings. <br />13 Emmerich, McDowell, and Anis 2005
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