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11-24-14-R
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11-24-14-R
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TCAAP Energy Integration Resiliency Framework <br />Policy White Paper – Energy Supply Alternatives <br /> 26 <br />necessary for heating sources to absorption and adsorption cooling processes. Solar cooling through <br />electric generation of a solar PV is best suited where electric costs are high or uncertain. Capital <br />investments related to the installation of a solar PV system are offset by the avoided costs of electricity <br />otherwise necessary for operating standard air conditioning units. <br />5.2.5. Ground and Water Source Heat Pumps for Heating and Cooling <br />Heat pumps refer to a system in which refrigeration equipment is used to both heat and cool a space. <br />As opposed to generating heat or removing heat, a heat pump simply transfers heat from one medium <br />to another. By doing so, a heat pump is able to transfer more energy than needed to operate the <br />equipment. This leads to fuel efficiencies greater than 100 percent water source heat pumps are very <br />efficient while in heating operation. Ground source heat pumps utilize ground heat during the winter <br />to heat the circulating water in order transfer heat from the water into the air through heat pump <br />operation. The opposite is done in the summer with the same equipment to cool or remove the heat <br />from the building. <br />In addition to stand-alone ground source heat pumps, TCAAP has the opportunity to implement water <br />source heat pumps utilizing ground water piped from the wells on the east end of the TCAAP site as <br />the heat sink and heat source for building water source heat pump systems through a district energy <br />network. An example district energy system that has implemented a water source heat pump district <br />energy system is the Southeast False Creek Neighborhood Energy Utility located in Vancouver, BC. <br />Thermal energy is captured at a central energy center using a heat exchange process that is integrated <br />with the city wastewater pump station. This supplies 70% of the utility’s thermal energy production. <br />The remaining 30% is supplied by high-efficiency natural gas boilers that provide supplemental heat on <br />the coldest days of the year. A distribution pipe system sends thermal energy (heated water) from the <br />energy center to district energy system buildings. Each building has an energy transfer station that <br />transfers this thermal energy to the building's mechanical system via heat pumps, that in turn <br />distributes heat and hot water to building occupants. <br />Water-source heat pump systems typically range in size from 1.5 to 25 tons on a stand-alone basis, <br />making them ideal for residential and small to medium-sized commercial buildings. Water source heat <br />pumps are applicable across all climates as they rely on ground heat as opposed to ambient air <br />temperatures. For TCAAP, water source heat pumps could be an option in the small commercial and <br />residential customer buildings. <br />5.2.6. Air Source Heat Pump for Heating and Cooling <br />Air source heat pumps operate identically to standard packaged AC units during the summer time. <br />What differentiates a heat pump from a packaged AC unit is the ability to reverse the refrigerant flow
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