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Primer <br />Why is <br />buckthorn a <br />problem? <br />•Crowds out native species and threatens wildlife habitat <br />•Forms an impenetrable layer of vegetation <br />•“Completely eliminates understory plant diversity”—University of Minnesota <br />•Birds are drawn to the dioecious berries <br />•The birds are sickened by the berries and further spread the seed through diarrhea <br />•Contributes to erosion by shading out other forest floor growth <br />•Serves as host to pests, such as crown rust fungus <br />•Lacks “natural controls” like insects , disease, or predation <br />•What the experts say <br />•MN Department of Agriculture—”Known to be detrimental to human and animal health and the environment” <br />•University of Minnesota Extension—”One of Minnesota’s most damaging invasive plants” <br />•Minnesota DNR—”An invasive species that is a real threat to our forests” <br />6