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GREATjU RIVERlRIPW GREENING hand -pulled when soils are moist and the taproot can easily be removed. Fall cutting of first year growth disturbs the plant while it is sending nutrients into its taproot, making the plant weaker the next year. Well-timed prescribed burns are a recommended control method for sweet clover. As it is a biennial, pairing burns together in consecutive years is optimal. An early spring season burn (April) will increase germination rates of sweet clover. A hot, complete late spring burn (May) the following year should kill the germinated sweet clover before it flowers and seeds. Doing this every two years can successfully control sweet clover. If the burn is not complete and thorough, spot treatment with another control method will be necessary. Chemical Glyphosate or triclopyr can be used to spot treat sweet clover; however, follow-up treatments might be necessary. A surfactant is also recommended. A good time to spray is before the early flower stage or in the fall when other native plants are dormant. Sweet clover can grow quite tall and foliage may be sparse, so spray drift and overspray should be noted and avoided. Long-term Management Sweet clover is a biennial, so seed production is critical for its life cycle. Interrupting seed development is key to controlling it. If the flowering stage of sweet clover is halted, so is seed production. Management procedures must continue long enough to deplete viable seeds remaining in the soil. Sweet Clover April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec - Mar Burn Foliar Herbicide Mow Don't mow Flowering Garden Heliotrope (Valerians officinalis) Description Garden heliotrope grows 1.5-4 feet tall from fibrous roots. It spreads by rhizomes or aerial stolons. Stems are usually pubescent, especially at the leaf nodes. Basal rosettes develop first. Leaves of the basal rosette and the stem leaves are similar in appearance, although the stem leaves may be less coarsely toothed. Leaves are opposite and pinnately divided into 11 or more segments, which are entire to coarsely toothed. Leaves may have a few hairs on the lower side. Leaves are petioled, with petiole length decreasing up the stem. The fragrant flowers are white to pale pink and arranged in a flattened to rounded umbel. It blooms from June to August. Seeds are wind dispersed. Garden heliotrope is native to Europe and parts of Asia. It was cultivated for its medicinal uses, but can now be found escaped and spreading in native habitats. It is tolerant of a variety of conditions including wet to dry soils and full sun to part shade exposure.