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04-22-24-WS
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GREATjU <br />RIVERlRIPW <br />GREENING <br />Forbs <br />Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata) <br />Description <br />Garlic mustard is native to Europe. In Minnesota, it is listed as a restricted noxious weed. Garlic mustard <br />invades woodlands, riparian forests, and disturbed ground along forested roadsides, trails and <br />waterways. Its proliferation in Minnesota native ecosystems has had a significant impact on forest <br />understory habitats. It is able to spread aggressively, create large monocultures, outcompete native <br />forest ground layer species, and displace ecologically important components of the native flora. Habitat <br />suitability for native wildlife is severely reduced where garlic mustard has taken hold. <br />Garlic mustard is an early season biennial herb with coarsely toothed, alternate, triangular to heart - <br />shaped leaves that release a garlic -like smell when crushed. Evergreen basal rosettes are produced from <br />seeds the first year. In the second year, the rosettes mature and bolt, producing erect, 1- to 3-foot tall <br />stalks. Small 4-petaled white flowers develop into slender 1-2.5 inch long seed capsules, each with a <br />single row of oblong black seeds. Garlic mustard reproduces via the prolific seed it generates. A single <br />garlic mustard plant drops hundreds of seeds that remain viable in the seed bank for up to five years. <br />The seeds are readily dispersed initially from the tall stiff flowering stems that catapult the seed away <br />from the mother plant and secondarily via soil displacement during erosion events and when soil <br />containing the seed is picked up on the feet of wildlife or humans or on tools and equipment. <br />Eradication of garlic mustard may not be feasible. However, there are areas that are a higher priority for <br />control. Strategies for control include maintaining zero tolerance for seed production in priority areas. <br />Volunteers can be utilized to monitor and prevent establishment of new isolated populations. <br />Mechanical <br />If a population of garlic mustard is small enough, the best option for control is to manually pull the <br />plants before they develop seed and bag them for removal. If the infestation is too large or too dense <br />for hand removal, Weed whipping or mowing are viable control options. It is essential to mow before <br />the plant flowers because garlic mustard will continue to develop seeds even after being cut. It is <br />recommended to mow vegetative plants to the ground with a flail mower to shred the plant and prevent <br />seed production. If the plant is in flower or past flower, mowing will spread the seed and increase the <br />infestation footprint. Careful attention to sensitive native plants around the mowed areas will need to <br />be taken to ensure they are not impacted. Mowed garlic mustard will either die or may form new <br />flowers; however the plant will be much shorter and will typically produce fewer seeds. A second <br />mowing is sometimes needed to treat the regrowth. <br />In fire dependent ecosystems, prescribed fire is an effective management tool against first year garlic <br />mustard, if there is sufficient fuel to carry a fire. Second year garlic mustard will potentially sprout <br />following a burn, so follow up treatment is required. Prescribed fire is best used as part of an integrated <br />management approach in which mechanical or chemical control are used as a follow-up treatments. <br />Spot treating small populations with a propane torch can be effective on garlic mustard seedlings. <br />Where garlic mustard is found growing amongst native wildflowers, it should be hand pulled. Garlic <br />mustard pulled when it is flowering or in seed should be bagged in black plastic bags and allowed to <br />"cook" to kill the seed. <br />Chemical <br />Garlic mustard can be chemically treated with glyphosate in early spring before flowering or in the late <br />fall when native plants are dormant. Glyphosate is a nonselective herbicide and will kill all plants <br />
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