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GREATjU RIVERlRIPW GREENING Prescribed fire can be helpful in removing thatch to facilitate herbicide treatments; and it can kill some small plants and can impact the growth of larger plants. However, prescribed fire is not enough to control crown vetch and should be integrated with other control methods. Chemical Chemical applications are currently the most effective management strategy. Glyphosate, clopyralid, and triclopyr can all be used for foliar treatment. Glyphosate is non -selective and may not be a viable choice for managing small scattered populations in established native plant communities. Clopyralid and triclopyr are both broadleaf specific and can be used where native grasses are established. Follow-up treatments will be required to ensure mature plants are controlled and to manage seedlings that establish from the seed bank. Long-term Management Crown vetch can readily invade established native plant communities. Monitoring and ongoing management will be required to maintain control of previously treated locations and to identify and treat new invasions. Crown Vetch April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec - Mar Burn/Foliar Foliar Herbicide Mow Flowering Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) Description Leafy spurge is native to Eurasia. Plants are characterized by white milky sap and flower parts in three's. The erect, perennial herb is 2 to 3% feet tall. Smooth stems arise in clusters from a vertical root that extends many feet into the ground. Leaves are alternate and lance -shaped on upper stems and scale -like on the lower stem. Inconspicuous flowers are surrounded by showy yellow -green bracts. Bracts open in late May, while flowers bloom June into fall. Leafy spurge is an aggressive invasive and once present, can completely overtake large areas of open land. Leafy spurge tolerates moist to dry soil in sun or part shade. It is most aggressive in dry conditions where competition from native plants is reduced. It is capable of invading disturbed prairies, savannas, pastures, fallow fields, and roadsides. Leafy spurge reproduces readily by seeds, which may remain viable in the soil for at least seven years. Seed capsules open explosively, dispersing seed up to 15 feet from the parent plant. Leafy spurge spreads vegetatively at a rate of several feet per year. The root system may reach 15 or more feet into the ground, and also spreads laterally. Buds at the base of the stem sprout when the plants are grazed or mowed. Mechanical An integrated approach that combines prescribed burning, chemical treatment, and/or biological controls is ideal. If biological control agents are introduced, other treatments must be timed so they don't impact the biological control agents. Spring fires can reduce the number of new seedlings.