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4 • Ongoing Strategies: The Twin Cities metro area is starting an experimental program to analyze wet blub impacts. Traditional cooling centers have not been utilized. Public is instructed to use public facilities. The county is starting to look at resilience hubs as a potential mitigation strategy. Tornado and Windstorm • History: The largest recorded tornado in the county was in 1965, but given its geography, the county typically experiences straight line winds annually. • Impact: Typically there are not long lasting effects from these types of events, but property damage and power outages are always a concern. • Ongoing Strategies: 98% of the county is covered by outdoor warning sirens, but the technology is aging. Utility companies tend to maintain trees along major power lines. Small shelters, typically brick restrooms, are available in many public parks. Winter Weather Hazards (Cold, Blizzard, Ice Storm) • History: Since 1950, Ramsey County has reported 109 significant weather events. • Impact: There is an almost 100% probability of a severe winter storm in a given year, and climate change is expected to result in heavier snowfall and more extreme events, including warmer temperatures. Ongoing concern is not from snowfall, but an ice storm that causes significant and long duration power outages. • Ongoing Strategies: Ramsey typically uses a shelter in place strategy during a major winter event, with some facilities open on highways for trucks and passenger vehicles. Infrastructure Failure (Transportation, Electricity and Fuel, Supply Chain Disruption, Water Systems) • History: There have been some notable failures in recent history, such as the I-35 bridge collapse in 2007, water contamination in St. Paul in 2017, nationwide supply chain shortages during COVID, and electrical/fuel shortages due to annual winter storms. • Impact: Major concerns include aging infrastructure, such as roads and bridges, water infrastructure, and human caused impacts to communications systems and power grids. • Ongoing Strategies: These are not traditionally included in hazard mitigation plans as they are more random, without clearly defined areas, and are hard to build resiliency against, unlike most natural hazards. Human Caused Hazards (Terrorism, Active Shooter/Hostile Incidents, Civil Disturbance, Cyber Attack) • History: In addition to the incidents presented (cyber-attack in 2020, civil unrest in response to George Floyd killing in 2020, and protests and civil unrest surrounding the 2008 RNC), there have been at least 3-4 major incidents, including officer involved shootings, and the aftermath of presidential election results that need to be included. The county was also recently impacted by a major cyber outage, CrowdStrike.