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/ negatively impact drivers' tendencies to maintain a constant speed or remain in a lane. To address these issues, many cities have imposed minimum message durations that might vary depending on community preference and traffic conditions. 2. Motion, animation, and video. Motion can range from simple visual effects to full realistic video. Motion can extend the period of time a driver will keep watching a sign, increasing distractedness. Cities may prohibit motion or limit it either to specific areas or to specific characteristics such as a motion time frame calibrated to traffic speed. 3. Brightness. Brightness can be a safety factor, particularly at night, as sudden brightness can be distracting or diminish night vision. A number of communities limit brightness based on time of day and by color displayed. This can be difficult to quantifY and measure. 4. Sign placement and spacing. The number of signs and their location can be a big factor in driver awareness. A large number of signs can increase distractedness. Poorly placed signs may block views or cause distraction in unsafe areas. Cities may impose site standards and spacing requirements. These may present regulatory challenges as spacing may be dependent on the actions of neighboring properly owners. 5. Size of signs. Size can have impacts in several ways. Too big, and it obstructs views and distracts. Too small, and it takes longer to read and encourages sign users to sequence messages. Cities may limit dynamic signs or the percentage of a sign that can be dynamic. 6. Text size and legibility. Signs that are difficult to read invite increased driver focus. Regulations can, for example, require minimum sizes based on road speed. The specifics of how to regulate each of these aspects is up to each community. Because review of regulations must face intermediate scrutiny, cities have to take some extra steps when drafting and adopting ordinances. For each aspect regulated, cities should consider adopting fmdings or local stndies that articulate the reason and any support for the regulation. The SRF study and other materials can provide a scientific basis for a number of regulatory steps. In addition, cities may choose more stringent regulation in order to take a conservative approach to protecting safety. Moving forward It is recommended that cities think about dynamic signs as early as possible. Regardless of your city's approach, it is better to make a rational choice rather than by having dynamic signs arrive before you have thought about the issue. Once the signs are up, Minnesota's nonconforming use law arguably grants them "grandfathered" status, with a narrow exception for safety. If your city would like more information about regulating dynamic signs, Paul Merwin, LMCIT Senior Land Use Attorney, can provide assistance and refer you to more information and resources. Contact Paul at (651) 281-1278 or omerwin{al,lmc.org. 3