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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCC 12-19-1977 -,- .. . I:,: :,!LTES ':' F S r' ~~ ~'.'~ ,I h L COU,'~C; L ~:EET i~!( t' ' , )f FI, i~~'.2' ;'j Hi 1 Is I i.::' ~j ~.~ ~.il { .\ ,", ~; '-:: \.' ^ 02C8t';\!:(.; f' J9 i 97'': . 7:30 p. til.. ! .:;ope Ha 1 : c ~~LJ...X..9_2~5l~'J: P1JrSlJBflt "~-(_, :J:,!,~j ca I I 8i'ld n "~'. i- i Sf:;: thGn..:.Jof} ;'/syor rrepeaJ ca II e d the ;,""~Gt i 11 f'i ~. c -:):-jB;- ? -~- 7;:;(1 p. m.. ." :::..,>:: C~ II PI~es~;'7~~-t--- r'/:8vnt~ Hen \-y ,J_ Crepe.eu; J f'. , Counci I m8'1 Hobe r.~ \10odburn, C'n a ~'l ,215 C;-i chton. .J oill<;.::3 '\'t i n qe rt ;. Via rd -'looson .. AiiSEL~t ~.J~) Ii .'3 . ^ 50 r:reSei'l';- '" C 1 e rk l\dmi n i strc1"or- Ch c'lj~ i ot to McNieshs Dep U.fV Clerk " DOI-o-i';I\f Ze h ~l, . SLS I ncss f l~:)m t;'i8 F j OCH" r8:-r+~ci:'.t'~'-':S-o~~;-cTI-'~-rl'2719/77) from the !\j-den Hi! Is Pol ice Officers M i:": ,.~S t Z ;~~-'-(~~;17;'s -;-c-cklnt 0 rmed-i'~h e CC}-u'1cl-j-that-----F1ne--\JTffcer's en do rs' inn .n:o i '?'1-t:~ r y- Counci! 8re p res,3ot; 'fiOU I d apprHci ate Ccunci l's ," Cl rr:rn-e:; t5 !-eqardi ng -'fl-, 0 I et';e r. Mi.i/Qj,~ Crep3-~U nCknO\'f 1 o(:qe d rae,; pt o'f ~, !~tte! on bnj' "I f at the ~ fl ;;:_~ C( ,111.~-:l I :"n d i ri": tea .1' ~) E ofticers to 'i"(Jke pa rt ii' the discussion wi en CC:.iflC i I C':'H1S f de ;~s i'/) e p ro)ose d HE,rnsey CauD i'y I r, r der H I II s law f,r tQt-':;'~men-j- A~j ree mer: -;~ "n d 1978 Bud go t Estimate on ton j (i h t r 5 agenda. .' j-, DOI~ P l ;:~: '1 r{,~, '){) ,-t ~~' '~'~...<_."'_ _._.,.,~...._ _.,_____.1___.,_.__ " Hi i I ilolo I"~ oi)11 d ~.~ r' . 8ruce H'3verly, E d\.,?) \- os ar, d ':el<:ey, .1 n c _ ~ 1'.1; ~ :-(:,::'3 i"' red C! :!f"; c; i to F!i-2 i 1 mi nary ~' ~ . r",l " y";c. rk 0)( Arden II i I Is; " r IO(Hl r' . a In in~p (;\ ;"r, j;::,; i n~ a ;~ t', _ of. r\ ;-c;en Hi: Is has ~ ' i'o (:0$ f gn i:"!-'2 flood ways ( a re a 5 ,,,0 op I ; on 1 "0 ; n :-1,0 i ! o.-~, d ;J i a i n which PI)}" be '( 1 j ! e(1 anc L ";' j i i 2>:\ d ;::s b u i I cj i n 9 ~, : ': ~~ s .Jld i- h-s \~{' ';"0 n:! 8! i 9 i b ! 0 fQ r ~ : ' i;isurance ':-;;'1. d r~(.:cJ6i~al r IOOC~ '! . ;1 (- . n :~ i 1(" .!r: ( that ;'h;::.:: d'35 j ~!il a-red f j ,:>ud hays ~2Y no-,. rcise the '; 1 PC':! 1.3"1E)! .,: ~ ::;:,sHh e '-'.:; i r: the flood p I ~j t n t,iCre t~; ~ln i ':00';" .. tloh Ie ~r:~l i ;_,:",! n ~d -r-h iS~' a floodvay desi9r:atfo(t is a "I an (' U,=G II dACisjof'l; ! -;: I,..', d is n-:,t d;~ s i Sl:~ a i e d a 5 a f I c~)(Lj flY;- i t w 11 i be €' 1 rni na-r6c j'rom -j >8 os r',) 1 '( tj;i1 d i r:q c; v <3 i ! c bit j tv; ildvi sed i'h~t the f ,~ 00 d f' I a! ns have t2~' il d'3 ;-12; rD'; ~1E~;. .in " . ~ ..I. nc-l't9c! thc-j- chan!'!,::" led t!al"€ l~ ~1 i i. ~f i [, f I aodw a~' G I ~) (; J:~ 5 \ 1.>1 ; j was a C::,t, ~J i'O j f C! ,..J ';:-or rnor,-~ b j i da,o Ie l an-:l QS l',te tl as r-~~dUCH '; iDOd; n~: 1,' i 1';'" in th8 I CI~) (j rJifdn_ :'1 'J '1 ! ~:: 8);P lei iH)d i-ha'l- -rrB Ci t'J Ciln bE' .~::;; ~ u;-' e l! -t-h ,'J-;- ~~ L .c- (<9 ~~ wi I i 1~3ma~ I 11008 !'-~ ~_:' ~'; a CG ~' I G,:~ \J; il C! !t ?,l" <J ;~ ; .....) j~... I,,' i; L i ,-, i ';' ~..'~ ~-; fl Ciesr~ja-'-2 0, _:'.1 ,;-~, ~. e~; ;:,lS f ! (' ~! 0\-: .-;:; 'I ;;)!: ;1 i'h'.::,reby " , r- i.; ,.:!,~ \ '; I i.;' 2,tr j -['de C ;-,3'3 i-: Oil 0,' hu [ ~ ~5t;;~ j (-:-1 !.;In ci '.',11:( ;; ::;.: n C~~ :'\' 8:f'[:;; y ; ',l [l (,,;;; C d~Hj f. ! ! ~J i b j ;"; :or ~ ! .) .~~ (' I nS!..I;c,iC:;', Co~~nc1 ! de;' f> i-r"S d act~c\! T:) .1 'Hl II::; ry ') +h pe~~r d ~ ns; ~olannin!l ':cmrni S5 ion Fe -,.:')Y:'ilo3l; c;a'r: (1ns. !:~"T':?_ :~y_,__~ ~:.) u 1'~ I r (I ~',n Hi Ii'.; L.,H! E ;1')-.:; '<:8 ni" PlJrSHr:1.:;;:)1" arr; 1~;7J OIH:ae-t ...1.,.__ ._m.."._"~~_.___.___.,~_.._,.__._ _.'_'__ ,._. ._, '_"'_' '.~'--._.. -'<-.--..--- ..-.-.-..'".-..-.... ".,-_._..-..._.., -"-'-~~""-'" ~.._.,,~ ~': .<.:., 'r ! ;;, l.... , F '.~ ; \! i-'U ~ .:- r '''-''':; c! Co u~: ,:: i '(,::) Ii;, ,C)-:. tf! i'" ". ,.~ Ceu': :_:; I 'i- r::;ln t- "I :~ ;'\1 csn ,'.,- fe' '1f , u ~) ~ ' i Cfl {'; -f r i ,; e r<~ ( 12/ i 'J/ }',; ; ~, ':' ;) -1'0 d i'no'! ':'h, ~",'f i C~; 'c, a r€~ !! l ,'C, ,~n :,'1.'(;'. :' a:lv ,~J(,;~s -r: ons ,. COUi)C 1 I r~l t~i V i-~ a \/:3 . C:' ! ,::; -, .;-(;!' nc'~' r:-;rJ -;'h <3t -;' Ii ~,~ ,:; U 9 ~J( s -; i OI"l -;- !: ;:'~ i- t , C: i .:-v :)C : :13 u ~ P d f"rm€,n t . :)t.,' :.: t '-1 i t';'3 {I :J! f;. on€:"'1'~.::ir- -':1'"1;;,; : period., - ':,:.0 at ',I :JS c"3:;i ~-e d ,) r Ii j ,) U ~ i Y (l (, Oi-G 'he .j'~'i'e '-;1,- n::: .;-! 0,' '.--rE:S il: ~';j /j ":J 0';' ':-:1B C;,:, U,j '.'" i 1 -;'0 ;~o - -:- ( C' ';" ~ or ( ;'he CO LI n ';.; :~ ";,'!Ol.; I:: C()f! ~~ -:' j .~- u t:2 8 r,:" Vd ;-S3 ! Gf Counc i i t 5 fe' -[^;"'-' " ~'; ,~ i ()f\ . Ll"l ci-:t\)I II 0'( d ":-~c<' ',he I ,~.;)-' te I- n ,~s :"/11 ;s "If: I..'! j 'j'em - ;'1.. " 'j' ! - ~ 0','. r i~'~~!~S \"~ 1 j ( ,] i '-IE: ~'h E'; i ,- Ufo' pi..)rt an d ;::'2::;"!" cf 1..:: f" to the in i ,_. , j2,3 j gn,'~';-'3(i ;J'.i Cr:' c f. ~ a , -;" S? [ .j t il ~:: i"'e j<, cor', -: \,s 1 (1,: ;:'bcw-;' '-rhe u l: f~ i3 :- ~ 'I i i-: (' ;~~ .:': S.)f; S I.hy , ..;, '( ;]-,,1 f --:. f"J) ~- "; !~ a c -r- i it q vi j tf thi:; Shoji ffiS ;jd p 2. (' ',. !;':,,? n -;'; 13~, h '8 d Counc I I ~ ~', ~..;{)r;s i C8 r I' e ~i (J >~o ' , the AI-('en .. I I I ' (;.;~ I)::i :'~-:' mr~ no;' to !" ,0,* n I $ ,p I) : ~~ I:) !);-.)i/ ",-,-:::, SE'118 gOuls "1n t\ cl-,jt.;Jc-,-i ves; 10 j u d qe ."tiC r.<"" d f' :~ iT!;;j n t ?"t - " -c... ...... ,"" , r,i' ~; (~ en .~' ;' [- : [1 ~ r: \ ~ f 0 ( ; ~. t,.; ~'~~ C '~ :'; a t 'i-he ; ::',~ l" S l',t! ~ i P2!-tjciD~i'e ",';i , , , , -> !~'~i : " ; i"l :)ro~}rc:':;, -,:'r'; re C' c ~"1 t ;; 2.'J cnci. 1;" (! (>:..i; ~: r ;J ;'la ; c ;;: ~ 5 .(;\ t: 'r- "ft:'S' (.;'( f ] '':'€c i';3 ~-i ; j i ,; n', f ": (: l .~: r: :) iJ ( " f" -~. n [ 7 j -as ;'!j ,1 . ."':.) '- j -:'1 " fn::'r'.:. l €)>; j b i ; ; ".'y ; P {j'/ ar, d ch:-',,': '. .-' 'r.;:. 2;: \',j(c\Sl:.en-'-j d~:; i ,8 (: ; :'he :"^f! ,) ,~r:: c; i Si:;,i'/ani' L9(1-5 i;'! i' ,- ,~ '-j S -:- I() r"' r ; n 9 to C{);j;'~ ty . nun _ ,__ . ... fv1ioe-ros elf SpeCfa! Ccur;ci 1 ~J1ee':';nQ December IS.~ 1977 Page- '-(,/10 McCfJ: I! -- each one has "jor:: ed in Ar'den Hi!! 5 )~or many year"s; depart- ment is our "pet"; iT'S a sfnall'3r depart!nent and the officers get more involved in all depal'tments of police work. fish - we take prid~ in the fsc.t we are able to take care of the peopie il1 Arden Hills '- a'I Inward pride; o'r-f'cers have good rapport with the business and resldenti~1 community; hate to lose this. Little - just because a job PilY', more, does !lot mean you will "like" it; likes Arden Hills McI w<ln'fs to sta;1 hel"e Picha saId that the officers can anticipate The needs of the peopie in Ardan Hills because th"y kno\', them; know ,;ome o'r the people's . medicnl needs; know sderels and street systel1 so can make immediate response. Wingert Bsked if the offi~ers anticipate any changes in their duties if the Ci ty contrac'rs' wit! RamsBY County? Fish said they wi I I lose H:lnority; there'core wi II be placed at the bottom of the lIst for as:ignrnents; prefers, and has been enjoying, 'rhe day shift; will probally ,Io,;e this and m"y have to change from patrol to some other duty to continue working days. Piche said the men wi II '11 'Ie to learn i"'1,. County, ar'c other County officers will have '~o lealn Ardun Hills; .Jelll probably have "ilew blood" in Arden Hills. ~:oodbu,"n said the County tas 3aid that if 'rhe I\rden Hi lis offI:::ers des ire Arden H II I s duty, '. hey wi I I bi> a::col11ocja'red - 4 out of 7 have asked "(0 not remain on Jl,r~en Hi' Is patrol. Fis~ s<lic, in his '.;aS8, it is because he would have to take B different shift, not because he prefers to work elsewhEre. Colestock referred Counci I to a recent ne~spEper article re contracting for police services; said it di:;'rurbs him ttl1t i'hel"s seems to be some indication i'hat the (ounty may no)' "tlanl,et contract" all the men. ~1ayor Crepeau reported th,t Civi f Service has ciea,-ed al! i'h'3 i\rden I'Hlls officers; County ha~ ve,i'iied ";"h,;j" It i5 providing police services to contracting vlllaq<~~. Ficha said It <lppears tha'i th(; County I~; "'Iaying tile g,"ound 'IO;"!~" 1'0 ""\~" rais~ i"he costs to the cortracting comm~Jpitias.. ,! Woodburn lIot.ilI th.t the lett.,. .ey "ev. hell.... ,.,.......,. value : . earlier; ..... e little lete to ,.eve,... .ctlon .t thl. tl... Crepeau i . . - I agreed; stl II feels that the contract services will be best fo,. the men and best for Arden Hills. Wingert said had he been present when ~' vote was taken to contract with Ramsey County he would have been on the \ negative side - but didn't feel he'd be allowed to reconsider now be- '0 cause of his absence In the earlier discussion. Hanson thanked the offt- ,: cers for the letter; agreed with Woodburn's statement. Crepeau said he f\ , realizes the change will require adjustments, but feels the officers llJi! ~' and Arden Hills will benefit. ~ . ' Co I (I :,h,cl;, 511ml;,3 r i zed ":';-"'] 1 ma 1 nta I n 'nt our, own poll.;e depart..tlt I. Ill" the nest Ini-araS"f OY Toe Vlil,clga; :laVG 'j'jleo "10 loct, i.or.'ttl~ underlying issues and have found nothing which cannot b. remodied with a coop~I-~D'~ive effort; disS3pointad rH: ci:;nnO"f find 30m:; comlY;on ground - feels it Is never too lata to change our minds Qr ta admit mistake-s; officers would like to rt~tcln -J-he l\r'den Hills cepal~i"ment- not mllln1'iji" the status qu.,; ~ome impl'r.>'/omeni's are pl""bably called tor "~ cffjc~)rs ara probeb!'1 more aHcH'H cd' i"hi s th'an the t'sst of us; offfce;s are wi II in~J to ma'~e ihc cl1aI19')"; frOT '" cos',' standpcdnt, does not <:"hink that the COJn'ry can prc>\!i<j-J th3 pol iCG prcteci'Icp 1"16 Clty.wants for any less. th~n i-he C ty can; fe~ls that in 2 to 3 YBsrs the Ci "tV ld II ~;ee the re-s!:i4"ab l i shl:1eni~ of :i;1 ,;rden H r ; I s depl;;~rtment and th(~se mell .!lI! 1101" Then be a pdrt of Ii"; 1re"er,t f)ff!cllr~, ere wi Ii 1ng 'i'o -c~o fils job for 'i'"he Cl "rV and wa:1!- Cl e{--j.j rrilutive action 'h-oITi tile Courci. I to show Y:H.I ~ha'f ":hey Cr..Ll dc~ -,i. " - ._--~ . 9- < Minutes o'? Speci,~! Ccunci 1 rJ.~)e"( in fJ DeCel\ICJ6 I- 19t 197~' Pa!je: ~~'hreE~ Pi .::ha as kEld If ltdown the l~oadH "i 11 I -e di -f'j'-{:;r.'::o1- Counci i say -'(hat this "~ounc i , made a -iT: j :; -r a ke? '~~rnpec:~u said that times eh an ge and Co u n c I I s change; fIve di fferant CouncIlmen tl1 ink d i He rerd I y ,; fee is at this time a County ciJntract I s the ,:r:ay to go. 1,'-!OO d b iJ rn 5'_1 j d hl3 doesn't th i ok a "roi stake" h:3s bee" demonstrated at this po i n "i'; i -f Ccunty serv I ce i Sri' t si>tisfc,ctor:' 60 d he is mem;)e r :) f the Counci I he'd support re-estabiishment af C i <;-1 Po Ii ca Depa:""tment" " AfTe-r ash crt r€ ces 5 Counci i considered '.l lOr )posed ar,en de d '_greemen t fa r law Enforcemen-;- Services bett\teen t1B COU-lty of Ramsey ard the City of Ill-den Hi lis, ., i -;-11 Cl'rtached E. xh i bits " an dB. In reI/law: concern was aX;lressed ,-e appropri9te \!Iord'ng of paragraph . 6. ( p'lge :Sl. to assure Ciiy e1- return of equivalent oquipment, in caSE, of termi nation (If tl1,) ccn'rract. jI,f1er discussioog the last sentence of paragraph 6 vns r6'\'!orcled as foil "ws: "in this event, the Jr'opal-ty listed in the he rein attached E xh i bit "Sf, , 0'- Its functional or gener;:31 equivalent, sha I I be returned to the M'lniclpal ity. " . I~st sentence on page 2, . para!Jrap h I was cl1 ar"JB d -j-o " . . . (J of P ,3 raf' ~ap h 12 l1e,-eof. 91: . , ExhibiT B W.3S rev j e\\":iG and aDen de" t:> Include only those items .;~ha';' go w (t;') th~, 2 C:1rs 01- the mer; ; :;ur') I us is ore be reta I ned hy --he Ci ty. City a'rtorney -j-o e d v j s(~ rl legality of turning ;::;vel~ Federa 1 an d/ 0 r :;t'ate f un de d e qui P Hh"; n 1- . Cri chton referl-e,(j Counci I to a I j st of 12 c(.nce:-ns ,.hieh he does :"lot feel the contract enc lmpassas, as wri ttei1. , n 'l; 6\"1 of these concerns, Crichton queriej whether the me ii 1# i I I acto;; I I Y get what the County has told the City; .fee; 5 the mi~r. '>Ji II be hurt because of IOS~i of ~;;'3n iori ty etc.; he! s that thepolic, service '~ill not b,s the same ':agl-eem9nt doesn't speci .~y same men 1 e'lu i p:-ocnt etc). '~an~;oi'l suggested tha~f 50rn) 1"11 i n gs must b.~ -j"a>:.en at face va l LH3; lnust haVE> fa i 1-h tha-t depa:'tmen-j- I; ill be d ::Imj i1 i ste:"ed faithfully; t i i;; i son i'Q Ramsey County ;ho\; I d be., a\,}are l)f Counci~l:; concerns and relay the emphasIs de~i ired by the Cou,ici I . Woodburn moved, secondeu hy Hanson~ that ::ou:lci! adopt Resolution No. 77-7H, aui-hori z i I\g ~1a'lor an d Clerk Admi n! strator to e xeeute the Ag ;""E>effleni" for La',,, Enforce'-:lent S:~ 1"\.1 i C33; "~I i j'h at-i-ach\~)d Exhibits ll'l d . incorporating the amGndme;jts riii':Jde ten i gh-j-. iv:otlon carried (\l!oQ,lburn, Han~,oj) .. H J 11 ge r.t ;- Cr-epea;J ..Iot in 8 in "f ~;'-iCI- i.)f I'he moti(Fl ; Cr- i chton voting in cppos 1 t 1<:,,-,) . (C.i chtor, noted that he Q')posed the mot i ':J'; p , i roa r i I'i because: the prov i $i ons reguardi i1f; the o.ffic.31~5 are W)t 5;JGc1-fica'ty stated I " -th.. AgreEJ,nen-t) . GrQ~D Health Plan -------...--.----,.---- :otHci 1 't.las rei'erred to Bl':mQ 't!-om ~1cNiesh ( IU i :;;-77 ) "~ Gr-ol'p '" HealtCi P j .3n . Cr i c:h T')n moved, ',esc-n d,ld by Hanson p- thr.:t Cou:lci! authorize the incf'ease in major m{~ci ~ CfJ 1 i~J P f~'?v1 de $250~OO:) cover.::lge as required :'y tho Mi nnfJso-ra Co~prehe.ls!ve. ~rsuranca .1,ct of 197;:l. p..iotion ca~'r'i13d unan i (nOLi:; tV. . Pavro!1 V:CN!8Sh r:3quasted Counci I appro'iai of CI ,3 i m for FIna' Payment to "O,"E-t; nn i in Eldd i ti ":)\1 t-Ol "he Pf.lln::;ll. 'ii ngel-1' ~lo'led, SGccnded b,' Cric!1i"on, that CCJfici ! zpprovs the P<lY ro I! .3S sub IT) i 1--f6 d , an ,j C I a i ITi -;',;,r ri,o'-~R;-i nn i in -ih-:: amount of $ 1 v 8;.7. 9~; . :1.06r i on Co I'd ed unan! mou51~'. NOI-th'--1est ';!atsr Fe a ~l.Ql_Li~:L..E.~,EP i--i- ill1cf\lT35'h '::;lporte d 1-11'0,-[ F; s,;a \ CO'lS,lI tsnt w! II nO";- 1:>0 "'1all<!olo fo:- -~I1f) prsvious!V S '::IH;::.! u ! e d )ublic HE,~rrng 011 ,j ;'jrJ Ud c~;'. .'~,O th . Wi n~~ert movedp SlJCO~ ,'ed b'/ \100(') lJ '-0, the'j- Co:.!nci ! re!-:cind its !If'c-;\' i nus :1071 ''Jfi of Decomb",r 12t-, " schedul1f1g th8 Pub! ic Hearing on the r~c ~,.t lItl ~ S 1- \'I.::d"6 r ,=e,,:; I bi ! 1[-" Re,p'Jrt. MotIon ;a I":-j ed lH,an i mous! y ~ -~l- - --- ----~-- ------ . ...... ...... Mtnl!"tes of Spacial COlJnc i J ~-'~eE.:ting Cec;:;lmi)sr 19, 1977 Page -four \~in~lert moved,. seconded by ticocburn, that COJilci I adopt Resolution Ijo. T! -76 sch~dul lng 'rhe' Publ ie Hearing on "1",18 North\"est Water Feas i bill ty Rspctt on Feb rUB ry 5, 1978 ar 7:50 p .lP. nt the Villege Ha I I. Motton carried L:nBn I mcus Iy. C9.!2..~ei Iy Avenue ..FeasibU_lJ"L RH,:~rt ljoodb U rn moved, seconded by \~ingel"j-, that Council adopt Resolution I~o . 77-77 scheduling the Publ l':: Hearing cn ';-he ConnEd Iy Avenue Feasibl! Ity Report on February 6" 1978 at 7:jO p.ffi. e,t the Vi II <lge Ha II. '''cti on carried unnnimously. ~~Joyment of Parks Per5~n~U Wlnsert moved, snconded by Hanson, that COUfI/:: I approve the hi rl n9 . of Gary Dalbey and Ph ill P H,wnlJn at $3.50/hr, to handle the Jr. Mustang Baskatbal I on 12/19/77, an d Douglas Greene r as RInk Super- vIsor at $2.75/hour. Motion cc:,rri ed (Vi Inger", HansonI' Woodburn, C,.epeau voting In favor of ~he motion; C,-' o::h':'on voting in opposition). plumbing Inspector Applicant Counci I concurrad tha-r the Pub! Ie Works COInm'ttee interview Plumbing Inspector ap~1 icant at its ,lanuary 4th Oleo tin gat 7: 30 p. OJ. M.Jeurnment \~oodbllrn me ve d , seconded by \~ingert, th13" tho mee'!'I ng adjourn at II :36 p.m. Motion carried unanimously. ~~ - .~-- ,"- -~ ~.._--"'."-' ,~._-.. (:tlal~lottB McNiesl) Clerk Ad~inistrator Not i Cf; of Maeting, The ne'xt Regui ar Counci i r.1netinu wi I! b" [-;~l! c on Tuesd8Y~ Dece mbe r 27, 1977 at 7;30 p.m. In the Vi'lage Hall. . i C' -4-