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<br />How to IdentifY and Manage Dutch Elm Disease <br /> <br />Page 2 of 16 <br /> <br />Dr. Alden Townsend, Rese8ICh Geneticist, USDA National Arboretum; James Sherald, Plant Pathologist, <br />National Park Service; and Dr. Richard Campana, Emeritus Professor of Plant Pathology, University of <br />Maine. Thanks for review of practical content are extended to Jim Hermann of Minneapolis Park and <br />Recreation Board for review of the manuscript. <br /> <br />Cover photo: Branch flagging symptoms from a single point of Dutch elm disease infection in crown of elm. <br />(Photo courtesy of Dr. R. Jay Stipes.) <br /> <br />The use of trade of firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by <br />the u.s. Department of Agriculture of any product or service. <br /> <br />Contents <br /> <br />. Introduction <br />. Symptoms <br />. DistinguishingJ!utchELm Dis~~ <br />fr9m otheu:lroblem!> <br />. Disease Cycle of Dutch Elm l>ise;tse <br />. Managing Dutch Elm Diseas~ <br />. Trees in Natural Stands and Wild.Area~ <br />. llicidi~Which Mana$menl Practices to Use <br />. Bibliography <br /> <br />Introduction <br /> <br />At one time, the American elm was considered to be an ideal street tree because it was <br />graceful, long-lived, fast growing, and tolerant of compacted soils and air pollution. Then <br />Dutch elm disease (OED) was introduced and began devastating the elm population. <br />Estimates ofDED losses of elm in communities and woodlands across the U.S. are <br />staggering (figure I). Because elm is so well-suited to urban environments, it continues to <br />be a valued component of the urban forest despite the losses from DED. The challenge <br />before us is to reduce the loss of remaining elms and to choose suitable replacement trees <br />for the ones we cannot save. <br /> <br />http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/howtos/ht_dedlht_ded.htm <br /> <br />8/25/2004 <br />