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activities lead to invasion by exotic species such as Kentucky bluegrass, European buckthorn, <br />Tartarian honeysuckle. In Roseville, the presence of these exotic species has significantly <br />reduced species diversity of most Oak Woodland — Brushland Communities. <br />Lowland Hardwood Forest - A deciduous forest with a variable canopy, with coverage from <br />about 50 to 100 percent. Lowland hardwood forests occur on mineral soils and are often located <br />near the margins of lakes and wetlands, in ravines, and on the lower portions of north- facing <br />slopes. <br />Common tree species include, green ash, American elm, eastern cottonwood, basswood, bur oak <br />and hackberry. Subcanopy trees may include ironwood, red elm and boxelder. Common shrubs <br />include pagoda dogwood, prickly ash, hazelnut, and gray dogwood. The ground layer may <br />include Virginia creeper, goldenglow, Virginia and Canada wildrye, sedges, woodland horsetail, <br />rough hedge nettle and j ack -in- the - pulpit. A wide range of common forest animals and birds use <br />these forests as habitats. These forests are often degraded by overgrazing and /or logged using <br />unsustainable methods. <br />Many Lowland Hardwood Forests have been invaded by exotic species such as buckthorn and <br />reed canary grass. Also, in recent times the trees and other species typical of lowland hardwood <br />forest have been successful in colonizing upland forests and open areas that they would not have <br />historically occurred in. This is largely a result of the lack of periodic fire, grazing, haying, or <br />mowing in these areas. <br />WETLAND COMMUNITIES <br />(As described in Wetland Plants and Plant Communities of Minnesota & Wisconsin, Second Edition — Steve D. <br />Eggers & Donald M. Reed) <br />Deep Marshes — Deep marsh plan communities have standing water depths of between 6- inches <br />and 3 or more feet during the growing season. Herbaceous emergent, floating, floating- leaved, <br />and submergent vegetation compose this community, with major dominance by cattails, hard - <br />stem bulrush, pickerel weed, giant bur -reed, phragmites, wild rice, pond weeds, and /or water <br />lilies. <br />City of Roseville 17 <br />Parks Natural Resource Management <br />