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3-4 Parkin; ordinarily takes up more area than any other physical component of the center, Northridge Fashion Center in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley contains both surface and structured parking. ments also result in a wasteland of unused pavement, causing both a poor appearance and a needless ex- pense to the developer and the tenants, Some commu- nities have enacted regulations to limit the amount of parking provided, causing a shortfall. Although the objective of these regulations is often to control air quality or to encourage transit use, they most likely result in traffic congestion, consumer frustration, and damage to the success of the center, A successful shopping center depends on adequate parking-not too much but also not too little. For this reason, park- ing requirements at shopping centers have received considerable attention over the years. Parking Standards and Demand Parking demand at a shopping center, as compared with that of a freestanding store, is lightened by the fact that a customer visits several stores during a single shopping trip, Characteristics of multipurpose shopping, shared spaces, and rate of parking space turnover distinguish the parking requirements of shopping centers from those of freestanding commer- cial enterprises-a distinction generally not ac- counted for in zoning ordinances that establish fixed ratios of number of parking spaces to amount of build- ing area for each commercial use, ~g..1ac.tru:s-affecLparking-demand-and parking provision: ~ . Vehicle m.ile5-tra.~elecLto-r:each-the..ce.nter, /- . Cas.Lof-fuel. 64 . Government regulations, . Mass transit availability and cost. . Walk~in trade. . Size and type of center, . Tenant mix. . Total GLA, . Character and income level of the trade area, . Cost of land. Two terms are used to describe the relationship of parking provision to the shopping center structure: Parking area ratio is the site area assigned to park- ing use in relation to building area. Parking index is the actual number of parking Spa:Lt:::s 1-'t::r J.,uOO square feet orGlA-in a shopping cente...!:.. For planning purposes and preliminary site evalua- tion, the parking area ratio serves merely as a useful tool for estimating the area needed for parking; it is not a suitable measurement for establishing parking standards, Parking area ratio, when stated as 2:1 or 3:1, for example, only makes a preliminary estimate of the site's building and parking capacity; the number of spaces that will actually occupy this parking area depends on such variables as angle and size of car stalls, width of moving aisles and access drives, and the arrangement of other parking appurtenances, '(M..amount-0f-reta.nselling.spac;~p~nds on t~n- ant type; displaL.2Lgaads; met@d...oLs.elling;_the Q;:unbe!"J._&i~e....and._v.adet)L.of-iteFl'ls; and other v~i-