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The first medical textbook was named after (and supposedly written by) the Yellow Emperor. China's medical schools were imperial from the beginning. The Imperial Medical Bureau was established in 443 AD. By 624 AD, during the Tang Dynasty (618-907), it was very complete and developed. It was both an educational institute and a medical service provider, and was the earliest medical school in the world. It had professors, medical doctors, assistant professors, and phannacists. The Imperial Medical Bureau had a Medicine Department, Acupuncture Department, Tui Na Department and Prayer Department. Within the Medicine Department, internists required seven years of training; pediatricians required five years; dennatologists required five years; specialists on otology, ophthalmology and stomatology required four years, and surgeons required three years. During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), gynecology/obstetrics was established as an independent department of clinical medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine has evolved into the following structure as an educational model through the years: 1rHne S~rrundmre ~jf 1rIratdtn~nmulln CHnnnnese Medtucnnne (1rCM) IEdtuncat~n~nn Basic Science TCM Foundation Treatment Modalities Clinical Medicine Biology TCM Theory Biochemistry TCM Classics Anatomy TCM Diagnosis Physiology TCM Pathology Public Health TCM Etiology Philosophy of Health Acupuncture Moxibustion Herbal Medicine TuiNa Dietary Therapy TaiChi Qigong Other Modalities TCM Internal Medicine TCM Surgery TCM Gynecology/Obstetrics TCM Pediatrics TCM Ophthalmology TCM Otorhinolaryngology TCM Dennatology TCM Orthopedics It is a mistake to view traditional Chinese medicine as just an optional alternative to a few health problems. The system of traditional Chinese medicine, its institutional establishment and educational structures are parallel with and equivalent to modem Western medicine. Both systems cover the whole range of health problems. Each system has its own advantages. The clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine is 5000 years old, The educational establishment of traditional Chinese medicine is 1500 years old. It is a model that is equal to, as well as complementary to, conventional Western medicine. China adopted a double-track system of medical education from 1956 onwards. Each administrative area, such as a province or large city, has a conventional 14 ~",_."",_~,o:eiJKt .....".'" -,