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Introduction. <br />Deer management is often a complex issue that results from the confluence of the built and <br />natural environments. These issues require multiple <br />approaches to provide the most appropriate solution. How <br />those issues are handled is a biological, political, economic, <br />and social question that differs from community to <br />community with many different stakeholders needing to <br />compromise on a viable solution. <br />Nature and human development have collided, in some <br />cases quite literally, in Ramsey County, Minnesota. Urban <br />"In nature there are <br />neither rewards nor <br />punishments — there <br />are consequences. " — <br />Robert G. Ingersoll <br />deer populations in Ramsey County are creating issues of property damage, car collisions, and <br />injury to people. However, the main problem is neither deer nor people; the problem is the <br />interactions of the two in a built landscape. <br />General deer biolol-v <br />The deer species in Minnesota is Odocoileiis virginianus, better known as the white-tailed deer. <br />White-tailed deer have a range which covers most of the United States, southern Canada, and <br />into Central America and northern South America. In Minnesota, white-tailed deer habitat can be <br />found throughout the state. <br />Fi.oure I Range map of Wflte-tailed (leer <br />White-tailed deer stand on average 2 to 3 feet tall and are 4 to 6 feet in length. Male deer weigh <br />100 to 300 pounds and female weigh 85 to 130 pounds. During the summer months white-tailed <br />deer have a reddish brown coat which changes to a grayish brown during the winter months <br />(Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2012). <br />All deer have an excellent sense of smell and hearing which they use during mating, warning <br />other deer of potential danger, or marking their territory. Deer also use a series of snorts, grants, <br />and bleats to communicate with other deer (Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 2012). <br />2 1 P a g c <br />