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Comparison with the 1999 <br />Residential End Uses of Water Study <br />Reductions in household water use are largely due to more efficient fixtures <br />and appliances and are not the result of either occupancy or behavior. <br />Annual Use <br />While it is tempting to compare annual use from REU1999 (146,100 gphy) to REU2016 (88,000 gphy), it is <br />inappropriate to do so, since the participating utilities differed between the two studies. Neither of these <br />studies was designed to be representative of all North American locations. This limits the statistical <br />inferences and generalizations that can be drawn from the data. <br />REU1999 had 12 participating utilities, with 12,055 households in the sample group. Ten of the 12 <br />participating utilities were located in the western and southwestern United States. <br />REU2016 had 23 participating utilities, with 23,749 homes in the sample group. The REU2016 participating <br />utilities are spread more diversely throughout the United States, with many more eastern sites. <br />For both REU1999 and REU2016, the sites show extreme variation in climate and weather, and therefore it <br />can be supposed that households will vary greatly in outdoor water use. It is more useful and appropriate to <br />compare indoor water use between the two studies. <br />r p � <br />RESIDENTIAL END USESOF WATER, VERSION 2: EXECUTIVE REPORT 1 7 <br />