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Advanced Strategies The Goals, Strategies, Initiatives, and Actions outlined above will continue to reduce GHG emissions from 2030 to 2040— achieving an estimated 62% reduction from business -as -usual by 2040, leaving 38% that will need to be addressed with deeper, more long-term strategies. Of the remaining emissions, 36% are from natural gas used in buildings and industrial processes, 45% are from vehicle travel, and 19% are from air travel (Figure 10). REMAINING EMISSIONS AFTER 2030 Air Travel 19% Natural 36% Vehicle Travel 45% Figure 11 By 2030, the city will have reduced its emissions 62% from BAU; this graph shows the breakdown of the remaining 38%that will need to be reduced through advanced strategies. These sources and activities will not get the city to carbon neutrality without deep decarbonization efforts and carbon offsets. Buildings depend on natural gas primarily for space and water heating, and industrial processes. Efficiency alone cannot reduce natural gas consumption enough to achieve carbon neutrality and biogas is not currently commercially available to replace this energy resource. Technologies that capture waste heat (e.g. heat from data centers), or can generate heat and/or power have the potential to dramatically reduce natural gas consumption and move the city closer to its goal. Similarly, there are limitations to achieving a carbon - neutral transportation system, particularly among heavy-duty vehicles and airplanes. There will likely be some technological innovations that will be available to address some of the remaining emissions. For the emissions that cannot be reduced through any of the identified strategies, the city should look to carbon offsets to capture and store carbon long-term. Finally, this plan only addresses GHGs that are either emitted within the boundary of the city (Scope 1) or are emitted indirectly through the purchase of electricity or other energy sources (Scope 2). These are emissions that can be directly impacted by residents and businesses in the community. Scope 3 emissions include those that come from the supply chain, such as emissions from food production and distribution. These make up a substantial amount of global emissions and should be considered for future action plans. The advanced strategies identified below are long-term strategies that need to begin in the near -term.