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definition. 80 Most would agree that the broad concept of Urbanism described life in the city <br />environment as opposed to suburban or rural life. But there the consensus ends. It has been <br />argued that Urbanism, rather than being descriptive of one movement, is really an amalgam of <br />multiple and sometimes competing "cultures."gi One of these cultures calls for attention to the <br />built environment on a micro scale, focusing, for example, on particular recreational spaces or <br />educational facilities.g� Another form of Urbanism looked to macro-developmental approaches <br />for the creation and maintenance of the urban environment, with attention to broad land use <br />norms or on large-scale local and regional transit systems. 83 Some views on Urbanism have <br />actually been exurban in view, looking to the areas beyond the city as the ultimate in desirable <br />human habitats. 84 Finally, some types of Urbanism have been more ecologically focused, and <br />have looked to ways to reconcile the built environment with the natural environment. gs <br />To recognize the existence of competing impulses ever-present in the Urbanism <br />movement, which sometimes threatened to undermine the very reason for such a movement, one <br />need only consider that the great names in urban planning, such as Ebenezer Howard, Frank <br />Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, were themselves staunchly opposed to the cities of their times. <br />80 Talen, supra note 76, at 1. <br />gi Emily Talen describes the "connections and conflicts" between what she sees as the various <br />approaches to urbanism in the United States as "cultures. Talen, supra note 76, at 2. <br />sa Id. <br />83 T.7 <br />1 Ll <br />84 T.7 <br />1 Ll <br />85 T.7 <br />1 Ll <br />23 <br />