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41 Professor Donald Shoup of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), calculates that the U.S. has 2 billion parking spaces for 250
<br />million cars and light trucks and that more land has been set aside for housing cars than housing people. "Parking Is Sexy Now. Thank
<br />Donald Shoup," Bloomberg News CityLab, May 20, 2018, Bloomberg.com.
<br />42 City of Hartford, Connecticut, "Zone Hartford: Hartford Zoning Regulations," Section 7.2 Parking Requirements, effective January 16,
<br />2016, as amended June 5, 2020.
<br />43 Daniel Baldwin Hess (2017) "Repealing Minimum Parking Requirements in Buffalo: New Directions for Land Use and Development,"
<br />Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 10:4, 442-467..
<br />44 "Edmonton City Council Votes to Remove Minimum Parking Requirements: With the Change, Edmonton Becomes First Major City
<br />in Canada to Drop Parking Minimum," CBC News, June 23, 2020, CBC.ca.
<br />45 For example, City of Oakland, Oakland Planning Code (as amended through June 2020), 17.116.060, "Off -Street Parking: Residential
<br />Activities" (no parking required for single-family and multifamily residences in many zones): City of Portland, for sites within 1,500 feet
<br />of a transit stop, "[the] minimum number of required parking spaces for a site with a Household Living use is: (1) Where there are up
<br />to 30 dwelling units on the site, no parking is required; (2) Where there are 31 to 40 dwelling units on the site, the minimum number
<br />of required parking spaces is 0.20 spaces per dwelling unit," Portland City Code, Title 33, Planning and Zoning 33.266.110, "Minimum
<br />Required Parking Spaces," as of October 2020.
<br />46 Details can be found at Von couver.ca/home-property-development/retain-your-character-house.ospx.
<br />47 Here is an excerpt from a 2018 letter sent from a bank to a prospective borrower. It discusses an owner occupancy covenant on the
<br />property that would be required as a condition of approval for construction of an ADU: `I have reviewed the Accessory Dwelling Unit
<br />Covenant and as a lender 1 have a number of concerns:1. The covenant does not provide the lender with protections in the case of a
<br />foreclosure or deed in lieu of foreclosure as the restriction will affect marketability of the property. The covenant requires at least one
<br />of the units be owner -occupied. In a market where there is a demand for investment property, this limits the pool of potential buyers
<br />thus affecting the sales price and marketability of the property. A potential homeowner or home purchaser may have a difficult time
<br />obtaining conventional financing with this deed restriction; 2. Your covenant states that the owner needs to occupy the residence, if the
<br />lender forecloses the lender can clearly not occupy the property and will be in violation of your proposed covenant." Another example
<br />is provided by a reply to a request from homeowners asking their mortgage lender to consent to an owner occupancy covenant, which
<br />was required by the local government as a condition of approval of an ADU that the homeowners hoped to build. The mortgage lender
<br />replied: "The proposed Accessory Dwelling Unit Covenant would place certain limitations on this property, and as such could be
<br />construed as a transfer of interest in the property. [The bank] is not able to provide consent to such transfer at this time."
<br />48 Converting Attics, Basements and Garages to Living Space," City of Portland, 2019, Portland.gov.
<br />49 Because of the uncertainties created for approval of housing, Oregon has, since the 1980s, required local governments to use only clear
<br />and objective standards to review needed housing. Oregon Revised Statutes 197.307(4).
<br />50 "RegulatingADUs in California: Local Approaches and Outcomes," Deirdre Pfeiffer (2018), University of California, Berkeley, Terner
<br />Center for Housing Innovation, ColiforniaLandUse.org.
<br />51 When the waiver was made permanent forADUs that were subject to a prohibition on short-term rentals the volume declined as the
<br />deadline was removed, but remained at more than 300 per year.
<br />51 HARP — Accessory Dwelling Units: Model State Act and Local Ordinance
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