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herbicide against both broadleaf and cereal weeds,but the development of similar resistance in some weed species is emerging as a costly problem. Roundup Ready soybean was the first Roundup Ready crop. Regulatory and scholarly reviews of the toxicity of glyphosate found it to be relatively safe as an herbicide. Thr German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment published a toxicology review in 2013, which found that "the available data is contradictory and far from being convincing" with regard to correlations between exposure to glyphosate formulations and risk of various cancers, including non-Hodgkin 1 ren hp oma (NHL).w Volume 1,pp 6"6 A meta-analysis published in 2014 identified an increased risk of NHL in workers exposed to glyphosate formulations.' In March 2015 the World Health Organization's International Agency for Research on Cancer published a summary of its forthcoming monograph on glyphosate, and classified it as "probably carcinogenic in humans" (category 2A)based on epidemiological studies, animal studies, and in vitro studies. Human toxicity Human acute toxicity is dose-related. Acute fatal toxicity has been reported in deliberate overdose.[46][471 Early epidemiological studies did not find associations between long-term low-level exposure to glyphosate and any disease.[48][4911501 In 2013 the European commission reviewed a 2002 finding that had concluded equivocal evidence existed of a relationship between glyphosate exposure during pregnancy and cardiovascular malformations and found the evidence "fails to support a potential risk for increased cardiovascular defects as a result of glyphosate exposure during pregnancy."' A 2013 review found that neither glyphosate nor typical glyphosphate-based formulations (GBFs)pose a genotoxicity risk in humans under normal conditions of human or environmental exposures."'' US Environmental Protection Agency position The EPA, which last reviewed glyphosate in 1993, considers glyphosate to be noncarcinogenic and relatively low in dermal and oral acute toxicity.'='1 The EPA considered a "worst case" dietary risk model of an individual eating a lifetime of food derived entirely from glyphosate-sprayed fields with residues at their maximum levels. This model indicated that no adverse health effects would be expected under such conditions.'''As of March 2015, the EPA was in the midst of reviewing glyphosate's toxicity.0' European Food Safety Authority position A 2013 systematic review by the German Institute for Risk Assessment(BfR), conducted as part of the EFSA's review process, examined epidemiological studies, animal studies, and in vitro studies that it found valid, and found that "no classification and labelling for carcinogenicity is warranted" and recommended a carcinogen classification of 1 A or 1 B i"Volume 1,pl39,see also 34.3' It was provided to the EFSA in January 2014 and published by the EFSA in December 2014"B" 41 World Health Organization position In March 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer published a summary of their forthcoming monograph on glyphosate, and classified glyphosate as "probably carcinogenic in humans" (category 2A)based on epidemiological studies, animal studies, and in vitro studies; it noted that there was "limited evidence" of carcinogenicity in humans for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.IZI[9][81 The German Institute for Risk Assessment responded that the work group reviewed only a selection of what they had reviewed earlier, and argued that other studies among which the well-cited cohort study Agricultural Health Study do not support the classification!"J The IARC report did not include the German regulatory study published in December 2014, 2 22