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secondary motions to assist the deliberative process, assures a focus and an efficient process. 5. Only one member may speak at a time. That is,, there can be only one issue under discussion at a time and one speaker at a time. It may seem like common sense, but we have all witnessed discussions where the group descends into the chaos of many persons speaking at the same time. It is the duty of the presiding officer to assure that all members have the right to be heard. 6. Debate is allowed on all motions, unless forbidden. All main motions that is, motions of policy) allow for debate. Secondary motions authorized in the adopted parliamentary authority may not allow debate. The motion to "call the question," for example, is not debatable because debate would defeat its purpose, which is to cut off debate; it requires an immediate vote and a two-thirds majority to pass. Debate would defeat the purpose of the secondary motions to adjourn, recess, or lay on the table. 7. Parliamentary law insists on dignity in debate. Members'names may not be used and personal criticism is out of order. No matter how hotly contested an issue may be, we still have to live with our colleagues after the issue is resolved. 8. A question, once decided, cannot come back for reconsideration during the same session. Imagine the confusion, frustration, and time wasted if motions contradicting recently passed motions (during the same meeting or session) were allowed. A minority with two votes could tie up a meeting indefinitely. 9. A majority vote decides, unless a greater percentage is called for. In nongovernmental organizations, majority votes decide most decisions unless the bylaws or the parliamentary authority provides otherwise. Local governments, because they are subject to state laws, as well as their own charters and bylaws, are more restricted. General resolutions and ordinances usually require a majority vote,, with two-thirds required for bonding. 1 0. Most organizations name a parliamentary authority in their bylaws. Many states require organizations to select a parliamentary authority. Local governments name a parliamentary authority in their bylaws or charters. Many local governments use Rob�ert's Rules of Order. Roseville City Council recently adopted Rosenburg's Rules of Order. It is incumbent on all members of a representative body to understand the basic rules of their parliamentary authority. It is especially important for the presiding officer to have a working knowledge of the parliamentary rules. This enables the presiding officer to lead the group toward productive meetings.