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;.'��mprdic���i� c Nci��hbc�urh�x,cl �tu�lics: (�h�u�ac�criiin�� Dcclinc <br />Based on comprehensive neighbourhood studies and broader literature addressing <br />inner-city decline, the main characteristics of decline were determined. These include <br />poverty and segregation; vacant and abandoned property; disinvestment and economic <br />decline; changing land uses; and public education decline. These characteristics of <br />decline often have a strong correlation with certain ethnic and racial groups. The paper <br />has presented an overview of the neighbourhood indicators that have been used to <br />describe and measure the level and nature of decline. <br />After decades of decline, by the early 1990s a major period of urban regeneration <br />was underway. Several factors contributed to the revival. Industrial cities in Western <br />Europe and the United States are now experiencing marked economic recovery. The <br />urban policy debate now centres less on whether older cities will or should survive, and <br />more on whether and under what circumstances cities can adapt to a changing world <br />economy and a new international urban hierarchy. <br />Future publications in this series will focus on documenting the processes <br />responsible for decline in certain neighbourhoods of cities and initiatives cities have <br />introduced in an attempt to anest and reverse the process of decline. <br />'1 --� <br />39 <br />