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.-. .-. C��mprchcnsi��e Nci�hb��urh�xxl Stu�lic�: Charactcri�.in�� Uc��linc M - Median Selling Price, H - Housing Condition Indicator, L- Low Income Cut-off Indicator, R - % of Rental Dwellings, A- Average Effective Age of Dwelling Indicator, C-% of total Crimes Indicator, and U - Unemployment Rate Indicator. A panel, consisting of eleven experts from various city departments, CMHC, the Institute of Urban Studies, the Social Planning Council of Winnipeg, the Winnipeg Housing Rehabilitation Corporation, and the Winnipeg Real Estate Board, determined the weighting of each primary indicator, and assigned coefficients for the equation above. Although this weighting methodology may seem subjective, the model was tested using 25 years of indicator data, and proved to be accurate. 5. Conclusions A major thrust in North American and British urban studies since the mid-1960s has focused on documenting the concentration of social and economic problems in inner- city areas. Many cities large and small have experienced population decline and increases in inner-city unemployment and poverty, declines in housing condition and the presence of a range of social pathologies. Growing evidence of decline has been attributed to a range of factors such as deindustrialisation and the "cycle of poverty". With respect to geographic concentration of urban decline two general groups of countries can be distinguished: those with a strong geographical core of decline, usually in the inner city; and those who may have areas of social and/or physical deterioration but these characteristics are not linked as closely to other signs of multiple deprivation as they are in the first group nor is the decline as concentrated in core (inner-city) areas. While the common pattern of urban development for the majority of cities in the second half of the 20t�' century has resulted in inner-city decay, the typical image of metropolitan development where central cities decline and suburbs continually prosper is too basic. Many contemporary suburbs, often inner-ring suburbs, face the severe problems of population decline, an ageing infrastructure, deteriorating schools and commercial corridors, and inadequate housing. In some countries, urban decline develops in peripheral areas that contain large, multi-family social housing units designed to re- house low-income families after inner-city redevelopment projects. Certain cities combine different types of models. The characteristics of the inner-city decline are common to many countries. The characteristics of distressed urban neighbourhoods in Canada are comparable to those in the USA though absolute living standards in distressed neighbourhoods in Canada seem to be above those in similarly situated neighbourhoods in USA inner cities. Similarly to the U.S., the geographic concentration of city decline in Canada's largest urban regions is more complex than an inner-city/suburban divide. 38