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<br />tand Po��er �,� u�,�ra►�ng center. Ni,�
<br />hc re-trz�nsm�cced t�, �i;jg;�ra livhauk
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<br />ccxa'rd�nate the c��rreccion c�f :`Y-P)ti
<br />�n�i NY-NE tie tl«t� � in the cvent of
<br />�cx� oi` gcncration in [h� N�}rcheast In-
<br />tcrcc�nnest�inn f AtI) _
<br />F�urther. Nf'�iC has rr��Gseste�i the
<br />C."Ah'L'SE org�ttizr�tion to �rcpare op-
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<br />NPCC ProcQdure an a ma jo� er�er�e�ncy
<br />Objectives
<br />1. To restore the balance between load and generation in the shortest prac-
<br />tical time.
<br />2. To minimize the effect on customer service.
<br />3. To minimize the ri�.k of damage to transmission �nd g�nerating facilities,
<br />to distribution equipment anti to customers' utitization equipmeni.
<br />�asic principles:
<br />1. TiQ I�nes, including internal transmission circuits, should not be opened
<br />defiberately except to prevent damage either to them or to equipment due to
<br />overloads, extreme voltages, or extreme frequencies.
<br />2. A sustained frequency excursion of -�0.2 cps is an indication of major load-
<br />generation unba�ance. It is important for the deficient area to provide load
<br />relief at once to restore frequency so that any separated areas may be re-
<br />paralled as soon as possible to proiect against further troubles or interral
<br />separations.
<br />3. Anr general rule for load relief based on frequency alone risks undesi;able
<br />ovcrloading or tripping of tie lines or internal transmission circuits. If !re-
<br />qu�ncy is dropping rapidly, this risk is preferred to the risk of widespread
<br />shut�owns
<br />4. A.t svme Ic.v frequen�y, the ability of generators to maintain outpu`, is
<br />end�ngered. A�though some machines will ope�-ate safely below 58.5 cps, for
<br />the sake af uniformity the value of 58.5 c�s has been selected for the last
<br />step in !!�e following procedure. It is recognized, however, ihat some ria-
<br />rhines may trz :n danger above 58.5 cps. If a machine is tripped above 58.5
<br />cps, equivalent load relief muSt be provided.
<br />Requirements for indivicfual systems
<br />1. Accur�te and reliable metering of tie line loadings and system frequency
<br />should bF available at each di�patch center.
<br />2. Reliable and �r, mediately available communEcation chan�els should exist
<br />beriveen the dispatchers of adjacent power systems.
<br />3. Each d�spatcher should know the permissible emergency loading of eac:h
<br />of his tie lines and transmission circu�ts which can be utilized for at least 5
<br />min. The settings of the relays on the 4ie lines must exceed thiS value.
<br />4. Each pov�f� system must be prepared to provide load relief equal to a
<br />mincmum of 25 �o of its system load.
<br />5. All automatic load frequency contrc,ls will be removed from service before
<br />the frequency has declined to 59.5 cps.
<br />Procedures
<br />A. Low frequency condition
<br />�9.5 to 59.0 cps All systems should have achieved a 10°/Q load relief if
<br />the loadings on tie lines permit.
<br />59.0 to 58.5 cps All systems shoufd have achieved an additional 15;0
<br />load relief if the loadings on tie lines permit_
<br />58.5 cps If frequency is s3i11 declining, ali systems shall take
<br />such steps as are necessary, including separating
<br />units to p�eserve generation, minimize damage and
<br />service interruption.
<br />B• Tie line overload condition
<br />I. Establish communication with system operator of system producing
<br />overload.
<br />1. Attempt to have overload reduced from source; if, afte� a reasonabi2
<br />time based on overload, improvement is not made, open those tie5 ��ec•
<br />essary ta prevent damage to equipment.
<br />C. Low voltage condition
<br />1. Establish communication with part of system causing ti�e low vottage.
<br />2. Attempt to have voltage �evel raised at source.
<br />3. Assist in raising voltage if possibls.
<br />c��n h�' ��arious companies in NI when
<br />thc N�'.p)!�i and/or NY-NE net in-
<br />cerchanges deviate from sche�ule.
<br />Other recommendations that were
<br />���proved by NPCG in principle or as
<br />:� minimum requirement were:
<br />l. Rescrve capacity installed and
<br />I�,cated so that each NI area wifl have
<br />a loss-of-load prohability of less than
<br />one day in ten }�ears. The report rec-
<br />ommen�ed four �reas, while NPCC
<br />would combine tie upstate New Yark
<br />and southeastern I�ew York into a
<br />single area with the formation of the
<br />New �'ork Power Pool.
<br />?. Loss of the largest genesatiag
<br />unit in any area should not cause sys-
<br />tem separation or equipment damage.
<br />3. The transmission sygtem should
<br />he stable for all combinations of �on-
<br />Elecirical YYor{d, June 26. 1967
<br />tingencies which have a prababilit�
<br />occurrence greater than once in 100
<br />years�. NPCC is giving further study
<br />to the probability factor to be usea.
<br />4. Soinning reserve should be dis-
<br />tributed to replace capacity equivalent
<br />to the largest singIe contingency loss
<br />in each azea within five minutes.
<br />NPCC recognizes tl�at those unsyn-
<br />chronized hydro and quick-start com-
<br />hustion units which can respond in
<br />five minutes or less may properly be
<br />considered as spinning reservc, but
<br />this non-synchronized reserve shall
<br />not exceed one-third af each area's
<br />reserve. The Council feels that replace-
<br />ment of the most heavily-loaded ma-
<br />chine in each area does not neces-
<br />,.�rily represent the largest single
<br />cuntingency that could occur in an
<br />a rea.
<br />�. Removal of voltage regulat�rs
<br />from service for maintenance srould
<br />he coordinated throughout NI. NPCC
<br />will coordinate such rem�vals within
<br />each of the three areas.
<br />6. Load shedding by evenly dis-
<br />tributed automatic load relief thro��gh-
<br />cut NI was approved as follows:
<br />59.0 cps-10% load relief
<br />58.5 cps-additional 15%
<br />In the unlikely event tnat large
<br />amounts of load need to be dropped,
<br />each system must provide a minimum
<br />of SO�Io of its system load manually to
<br />protect against low frequency, low
<br />voltage, and overload conditions.
<br />NPCC found unacceptable the rec-
<br />ommendations to isolate an area in
<br />trouble and open ties if frequeacy re-
<br />mains below 59.5 cps longer than
<br />three minutes. Action by the systems
<br />in NI will be according to their emer-
<br />gency procedures under such emer-
<br />gency conditions, {se� b�x, left).
<br />If systems are split during an emer-
<br />gency, the separated areas will be re-
<br />synchronized as soon as gener�tion
<br />and transmission become availabl�-.
<br />Metropolitan feeders that supply
<br />uncierground transit systems and net-
<br />works that st�pply elevators in tall
<br />buildings should, where possible, be
<br />gi��en preferential consideration in
<br />load-shedding proczdur�s. NPCC �ioes
<br />not believe that in all cases it would
<br />be possible to exempt from ]oad re-
<br />duction all networks that cunPly
<br />elevators in tall buildings.
<br />The 13 recommendatsons submitted
<br />in the Northeast Interconnection Study
<br />were reviewed and studied by an
<br />ad hoc group set up by the standing
<br />committees of NPCC and also by
<br />tl�e NPCC task forces. The System
<br />Design and the Operating Procedure
<br />Coordinating committees reviewed the
<br />suggestions of the ad hoc group and
<br />reached unanimous agreement on pro-
<br />cedures, These, in turn, were aciopted
<br />as o�cial pqlicy by unanimous vote
<br />of the NPCC membership.
<br />Electrtc.�,i WoNd, June 26, 1967
<br />Scrapi�� sky
<br />$� �ut ��liutdo�
<br />As public concern over air gollution
<br />has mounted, one of the ways in which
<br />utilities have responded to the outcr�
<br />by jacking up the height of emission
<br />siacks.
<br />Like a giant ihermometer of public
<br />opinion regarding pallution, American
<br />Electric Power's 1,400-ft stack at
<br />Moundsville, W. Va., will be the
<br />world's tallest, or so the company
<br />claims, and will be only about 200 ft
<br />shorter than fhe wurld's tallest build-
<br />ing, Ne�v York's Empire State [see
<br />photo at rightj.
<br />In New Jersey, Public Service E&G
<br />h�d na worry over additional air pollu-
<br />tion at Burlington, N.J. where it de-
<br />cided to add two nuclear generating
<br />units, each rated 993 Mw. But the
<br />tiiermal pollution of the Delaware
<br />River would hav� exceeded legal
<br />limits, and the company will build
<br />four cooling towers, each 410 ft high
<br />and 420 ft ir diameter at the base
<br />(�ee photo, below].
<br />The stati�n at rZoundsville, to be
<br />built by Appalachian Power, an AEP
<br />subsidiary, wili be called the Mitchell
<br />plant. Located on the east hank of
<br />the Ohio River abo��t nine miles south
<br />of Moundsville, the coal-fired plant
<br />will have a 1,600 NIw capacity, half
<br />of which is slated to go on line in
<br />1970, the remainder in 1971. It will be
<br />the largest plant on the seven-state
<br />AEP system. Two cooling towers will
<br />also be usecl at the TZitct�ell plant, ho'h
<br />370 ft high.
<br />In his remarks at the groundbrealc-
<br />ing ceremony at tlie Mitchell Flant,
<br />AEP President Donald C. Ceok said
<br />his company and the utility industry
<br />have prospered an the premise that
<br />"service is at one with progress."
<br />Taltest stack-that's claim made •
<br />for AEP's Mitchell power station .
<br />r
<br />Gtant coalin$ towers--410-ft high, 420-ft in diameter at the base--would circulate �
<br />water to units of r;:�l�w Service E&G's propp�sd nuclear plant
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