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In the area of planning, there has long been insufficient attention to and a deep ambivalence about what is in many cases a clear cut differential in power or access to power. ioo Hence, what is needed is a focus on what has been described as the "dark side" of traditional land use planning. ioi This would mean, for example, considering "demand side" planning concerns, acknowledging and even engaging the disorder of actual planning and design outcomes, and the lived experiences of participants in such processes. There is, in contrast to the utopian, apolitical and idealized history of zoning and planning, a"noir" history, one which addresses the very real fact that planning has been, and continues to be in a number of cases, a tool of social oppression.102 This is frequently true because planning projects are driven by elites. B. Fears of "Responsibilitization" and the Establishment of "Government at a Distance" �oo Bent Flybvj erg, Bringing Power to Planning Research: One Researcher's Story, in Planning in a Global Era 117 (Andy Thornley & Yvonne Rydin eds., 2003). 'o' yiftachel supra at 396. io� Id ; see also Oren Yiftachel, Planning and Social Control: Exploring the "Dark Side," 12 Journal of Planning Literature 395 (1998). As Yiftachel writes, Most accounts of planning neglect to explain its frequent application for purposes of (deliberate) social control, as expressed in the oppression of peripheral groups. This is not to claim, of course, that planning is inherently regressive, but rather that its well- documented progressive potential should also be understood as having a more sinister accompanying'dark side'. This dark side is particularly evident when planning is used by 'ethnic states' as part of their territorial policies, but is also rife in western societies governed by formal democratic principles of governance. Id. at 395 29