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to include a broad cross-section of the populace at the ground level.'� These ideas have been propagated by a number of planning experts.73 Though form-based code is seen in various iterations in United States municipalities, it is typified by the presence of most or all of the following fixed characteristics: a controlling regulating plan, a framework of urban regulations, regulations defining streets and related passageways, landscape regulations, and finally architectural regulations.74 Perhaps the most defining features of form-based code are its design- based rather than use-based standard for development and its reliance on the community in conjunction with city officials and planning professionals to articulate the nature of the design.75 This means that the characteristics which define a form-based code regime are often presented as "empty boxes" to be filled at the discretion of the multiple actors involved in reaching consensus. Form-based code, with its attention to detail on the most local level, appears to be the ultimate tool of the New Urbanism movement. New Urbanism, however, is a movement which is itself subject to critique because of its uncertain foundations and unsubstantiated claims. New Urbanism, while seemingly a single strand of American planning founded upon assertions about the nature and scope of "traditional" American Urbanism, is actually a compilation of multiple viewpoints and approaches to civic planning.76 New Urbanism 72 Id 73 See e.g. Sandercock, supra note 70. 74 Robert J. Sitkowski & Ohm. Brian W., Formed Based Land Development Regulations, The Urban Lawyer, Winter 2006, at 163. 's Kenneth Hall & Gerald Porterf'ield, Community by Design: New Urbanism for Suburbs and Small Communities 51 (2000). 76 Emily Talen, New Urbanism and American Planning: The Conflict of Cultures 4-5 (2005). 21