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GREATjU <br />RIVERlRIPW <br />GREENING <br />Common Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica), Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus) <br />Description <br />Both common buckthorn and glossy buckthorn were introduced to North America as ornamental shrubs <br />for use in fence rows, and as wildlife habitat. Both buckthorns were valued for their hardiness and ability <br />to thrive in a variety of soil and light conditions. They also have a dense habit making them ideal for use <br />as privacy hedges in densely populated urban areas. As an invasive in native habitats, common <br />buckthorn tends to form dense, even -aged thickets, crowding and shading out native shrubs and herbs. <br />Dense buckthorn invasions also prevent native tree and shrub regeneration. <br />Common buckthorn is a shrub or small tree that can grow to 22 feet in height with as much as a 10" <br />diameter trunk, although stems are typically more in the range of 2"-5" diameter. The crown of mature <br />plants is spreading and irregular. The bark is gray to brown, rough textured when mature and may be <br />confused with that of plum trees in the genus Prunus. When cut, the inner bark is yellow. Twigs are <br />often tipped with a spine. In spring, dense clusters of 2 to 6, inconspicuous yellow -green, 4-petaled <br />flowers emerge near the bases of the leaf stalks. Male and female flowers are borne on separate plants. <br />Small black fruits about 1/4 inch in cross-section and containing 3-4 seeds, develop after blooming. <br />Leaves are broadly oval, with toothed margins, rounded or pointed at the tip, and with 3-4 pairs of up - <br />curved veins. The upper and lower leaf surfaces are hairless. Leaves appear dark, glossy green on the <br />upper surface and stay green late into fall, after the leaves of most other deciduous species have fallen. <br />Glossy buckthorn does not have a spine at its twig tips, its leaves are not toothed, and the undersides of <br />the leaves are hairy. The trunks and stems have lighter colored lenticels. It similarly produces dark fruit <br />on the female plants. The fruits of both species, if not eaten by birds, typically fall directly beneath the <br />shrubs, creating a dense understory of seedlings characteristic of common buckthorn stands. The fruit is <br />eaten by birds and mice and is known to cause a severe laxative effect, helping distribute seeds via birds, <br />often far from the parent plant. <br />Common buckthorn is primarily an invasive species of upland habitats, but it also occurs within <br />wetlands. It prefers lightly shaded conditions, invading open oak woods, and wood edges; it may also be <br />found in prairies, open fields, and wetlands. It is tolerant of many soil types; well drained sand, clay, <br />poorly drained calcareous, neutral or alkaline, wet or dry. Common buckthorn occurs very frequently in <br />Minnesotan forests. Management strategies vary depending on the terrain and timing of control. Glossy <br />buckthorn prefers wetland habitats, but will grow in upland conditions as well. Initial control of glossy <br />buckthorn should therefore occur in winter when the ground is frozen to facilitate access to all areas. <br />Some areas will be difficult to access with equipment even in winter because of the other shrub species <br />amongst which it grows. <br />Mechanical <br />On level upland areas, forestry mowing is an efficient method to remove the standing trees. If the stems <br />are shattered close to the base and conditions after forestry mowing are very cold and dry, the wood is <br />prone to drying out and may not be capable of resprouting. On steep slopes, brush saws can be used to <br />cut the stems. The cut stumps should be treated immediately with herbicide. In wetland areas, brush <br />saws will likely be needed to cut the stems. A forestry mower should be used only in areas where it will <br />be possible to access the site for follow-up foliar treatment. Triclopyr with blue marker dye or a 50% <br />solution of glyphosate with blue marker dye are effective for control. Areas cut by either method will <br />require a follow-up foliar herbicide treatment, as it is likely that a percentage of the stems will resprout. <br />Mowing repeatedly for several years, often multiple times a year, will eventually kill buckthorn. The goal <br />is to deplete the roots of stored energy. Smaller buckthorn and seedlings will require fewer mowings. <br />
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