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GREATjU RIVERlRIPW GREENING Small saplings can often be hand -pulled if the soil conditions are right, as in invaded forests without a dense ground layer. Manually pulling smaller buckthorn with weed -wrenches or simply levering it out with a shovel is a useful method in smaller populations or when volunteers are involved. Weed - wrenches and shovels create disturbance in the soil which can expose new weed seed, so consideration should be given to the results of this disturbance when choosing where to implement this method. It is possible in some settings that disturbance may facilitate establishment of suppressed native species as well. Prescribed fire can be a useful tool as part of an integrated buckthorn management approach in fire dependent plant communities. Fire provides a means to kill buckthorn seedlings and set back mature plants. However, even in fire -adapted ecosystems when buckthorn is present in dense patches, it is often difficult to carry fire because of the lack of ground cover beneath the buckthorn to provide fuel. Chemical There are several strategies to chemically treat buckthorn. Applying triclopyr or glyphosate to the cut stump of buckthorn is highly effective. Triclopyr can also be applied as a foliar spray in late summer, or in fall when other desirable woody species have dropped their leaves. Cutting buckthorn in June and returning to foliar spray in the fall when the stumps have resprouted is an effective way to kill it. Frill cutting and spraying larger buckthorn is also effective. It can also be treated by spraying around the base of the trunk with triclopyr. Long-term management Buckthorn seeds can stay viable in the soil for up to 5-7 years. In addition, dispersal of buckthorn seeds from adjacent properties makes long-term monitoring and management essential in all formerly invaded ecosystems. Areas disturbed by heavy infestations of buckthorn are often prone to invasion by other exotic species as well, so revegetation to provide competition, as well as ongoing management are necessary. Where hand removal is feasible scouting and hand -pulling on an annual basis will be a useful method to maintain sites where initial management has occurred. Alternatively, budgeting for follow-up forestry mowing, prescribed burns, and/or chemical treatment will be required. Common buckthorn April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec - Mar Burn Foliar Herbicide Basal Bark Herbicide Cut Stem Herbicide Flowering Glossy buckthorn April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec - Mar Burn Foliar Herbicide Basal Bark Herbicide Cut Stem Herbicide Flowering