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more acti�e metal is then consumed by eorrosion. <br />To minimize electrical power requirements, steel pipelines are coaied w�th an electrical <br />insufating material. Very smalf holes, called "hofidays", in the coating are possibie and <br />can become anodes thus corroding the pipe at such locations. Cathodic protectior� <br />inhibits the holiday areas fram corroding. <br />'SMART PIG' Deformation/Slope Tool <br />The deformatioNslope tool, known in the industry as a'Smart-Pig', is a completeiy self <br />contained electronic survey instrument. The fool is capable of 360 degree survey <br />coverage of #he inside of a pipe. As the instrument moves through the length of a <br />pipeline, it finds, locates and records the following pipe conditions: <br />cfents <br />buckles <br />wrinkles <br />ovality <br />mechanical damage <br />wall thickness changes <br />diameter changes <br />flat spots <br />over pressure expansion <br />metaE foss caused by extemal or iniernal corrosion <br />The instrument can also locate pipeline appurtenances such as flanges, valves, <br />couplings, etc. <br />Detection is done electronically. Results are reported as high resolution graphics on a <br />computer screen and/or printout. <br />History of Hydcocarbons Related to Leaks <br />fn the case of a pipeline or tank rupture or feak, if the line contains: <br />♦ Natural gas, which is predominantly methane, it wiii rise into #he air and can <br />displace air creating a lethal atmosphere, free of oxygen. It can ignite and send <br />flames high in the air. It can enter a confined area and explode if ignited. <br />♦ A liquid fuel, the liquid wilk flow to the lowest area contaminating soii and water. <br />If the liquid is volatile, then both liquid and vapors wikl flow to the kowest area, <br />but vapors can be affected by air cuRents. Vapors can ignite in a flash fire or <br />can cause a fire over all the liquid_ Vapors can flow into a confined area <br />(building, house, car) and then explode if ignited. <br />Block Valves <br />Biock {shu# ofFj valves are used to stop the flow of product in a section of pipeiine, into <br />5f <br />