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-� i�i;Ill��l-l'�?�"��I`� �.' ��'!L'�l�)�)lll�-li�ti�..�.`,ll'.;.�Ic=: � I'.11.til.C�,/I;;�, �� . .,. , .-. As with secondary data, there can be issues of confidentiality associated with primary data. If people are asked to reveal personal information or to respond to sensitive questions, the researcher will probably need to provide assurance that this information will not be revealed publicly in a way that would allow someone to associate specific answers with a particular person. In the case of focus groups, it is usual practice to have participants sign an "Informed Consent Agreement," which indicates that they understand the purpose of the focus group and that they agree to allow the answers they provide to be used in the manner specified in the agreement (ibid.). 4.2. The American Experience: Measuring Neighbourhood Change In the USA, where there is a fixed poverty line and the census collects income information, it is the convention to identify and analyse neighbourhood change using income poverty as the base. Income poverty can then be related to many other variables such as race, family status, education, employment, and residence (Glennerster et al. 1999). Lucy and Phillips (2000) in their book Confronting Suburban Decline: Strategic Planning for Metropolitan Renewal suggest two sets of indicators for analysing neighbourhood change: General Knowledge Systems indicators and additional indicators for Project-Focused Systems (Table 5): Table 5. lndicators of Neighbourhood Change. Source: adapted from Lucy and Phillips 2000. General Knowledge Systems indicators Project-Focused Systems indicators Housing value Remodelling (expansions and upgrades) Household incomes Violent crime Mixed-use indicator and a social balance indicator Burglaries Median rate of owner occupancy Free-lunch eligibility by school Indicators of substandard conditions Public housing units Family poverty Fixed-rail stations Race and ethnicity indicators Transportation accessibility indicators Population and age characteristics Magnet employers, especially non-profit employers Rate of regional population growth Test scores by school Median number of rooms or bedrooms Tatian (2000) presents some examples of how neighbourhood indicators were used to aid in the development of neighbourhood revitalization programs in two American cities: Milwaukee and Cleveland. 4.2.1. Milwaukee: Targeting a First-Time Parents Program The Milwaukee's West Side neighbourhood had experienced substantial turnover in the 1980s. Many lower income families with older children had moved in. But by the early 1990s the perception was that a large proportion were single parents and that this ��