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C'<,mprchcnsi��c Nci�_hh�nirhnr,�l Stu�lic�: ('hur.�ctcrii_in�� I�cclinc <br />� <br />In this process, data was a key motivator in initiating the comprehensive <br />community-building strategy in Cleveland. The initial data provided in the Case Western <br />report gave the impulse for the community-building initiative. Data was also very <br />important in informing and guiding the entire process of developing the initiative. <br />Furthermore, data collection and measurement strategies were incorporated into the final <br />plans, including a list of indicators to measure outcomes. <br />4.3. The British Experience: The Concept of Deprivation <br />In Britain, in contrast to North America, worklessness or income poverty are not <br />generally accepted as adequate measures of neighbourhood problems. Deprivation <br />indicators are used there, which comprise different variables, including measures of <br />economic deprivation such as unemployment, along with measures of social deprivation. <br />such as household overcrowding (Glennerster et al. 1999) <br />The concept of deprivation emerged in Britain in the late1960s. In his article <br />Deprivution Townsend (1987, p. 131) argues that "people can be said to be deprived if <br />they lack the types of diet, clothing, housing, household facilities and fuel and <br />environmental, educational, working and social conditions, activities and facilities which <br />are customary..." Townsend elaborates on the distinctions between social and material <br />deprivation. Social deprivation, which he acknowledges as more difiicult to measure, is <br />defined as relating to people's roles and relationships, membership and social contacts in <br />society. The more easily measured material deprivation relates to diet, health, clothing, <br />housing, household facilities, environment, and work (Table 6). Townsend also lays <br />down the foundation for articulating multiple deprivation as an accumulation of single <br />deprivations - a concept, which is developed further in the design of the new Scottish <br />Indices of Deprivation. <br />Table 6. Material and Social Deprivation. Source: Townsend 1987, p. 136. <br />32 <br />